man pagereference guide reference guide (man page) ncrack 1 Ncrack Ncrack Reference Guide ncrack Network authentication cracking tool ncrack Options target specification Ncrack description of This document describes the very latest version of Ncrack available from Please ensure you are using the latest version before reporting that a feature doesn't work as described. Ncrack is an open source tool for network authentication cracking. It was designed for high-speed parallel cracking using a dynamic engine that can adapt to different network situations. Ncrack can also be extensively fine-tuned for special cases, though the default parameters are generic enough to cover almost every situation. It is built on a modular architecture that allows for easy extension to support additional protocols. Ncrack is designed for companies and security professionals to audit large networks for default or weak passwords in a rapid and reliable way. It can also be used to conduct fairly sophisticated and intensive brute force attacks against individual services. Ncrack is a new project started in the Summer of 2009. While it is already useful for some purposes, it is still unfinished, alpha quality software. You can help out by testing it and reporting any problems as described in . The output from Ncrack is a list of found credentials, if any, for each of the targets specified. Ncrack can also print an interactive status report of progress so far and possibly additional debugging information that can help track problems, if the user selected that option. A typical Ncrack scan is shown in . The only Ncrack arguments used in this example are the two target IP addresses along with the the corresponding ports for each of them. The two example ports 21 and 22 are automatically resolved to the default services listening on them: ftp and ssh. -vexample of $ ncrack 10.0.0.130:21 192.168.1.2:22 Starting Ncrack 0.01ALPHA ( http://ncrack.org ) at 2009-07-24 23:05 EEST Discovered credentials for ftp on 10.0.0.130 21/tcp: 10.0.0.130 21/tcp ftp: admin hello1 Discovered credentials for ssh on 192.168.1.2 22/tcp: 192.168.1.2 22/tcp ssh: guest 12345 192.168.1.2 22/tcp ssh: admin money$ Ncrack done: 2 services scanned in 156.03 seconds. Ncrack finished. The latest version of Ncrack can be obtained from . The latest version of this man page is available at http://nmap.org/ncrack/man.html . This options summary is printed when Ncrack is run with no arguments. It helps people remember the most common options, but is no substitute for the in-depth documentation in the rest of this manual. summary of options command-line options of Ncrack &ncrack-usage; target specification Everything on the Ncrack command-line that isn't an option (or an option argument) is treated as a target host specification. The simplest case is to specify a target IP address or a hostname. Note, that you also need to specify a service to crack for the selected targets. Ncrack is very flexible in host/service specification. While hostnames and IP addresses can be defined with the flexibility that you are probably used to from Nmap, services along with service-specific options have a unique specification style that enables a combination of features to be taken advantage of. Sometimes you wish to crack a whole network of adjacent hosts. For this, Ncrack supports CIDR-style CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) addressing. You can append /numbits to an IPv4 address or hostname and Ncrack will try to crack every IP address for which the first numbits are the same as for the reference IP or hostname given. For example, 192.168.10.0/24 would send probes to the 256 hosts between 192.168.10.0 11000000 10101000 00001010 00000000) and 192.168.10.255 (binary: 11000000 10101000 00001010 11111111), inclusive. 192.168.10.40/24 would crack exactly the same targets. Given that the host scanme.nmap.org scanme.nmap.org is at the IP address 64.13.134.52, the specification scanme.nmap.org/16 would send probes to the 65,536 IP addresses between 64.13.0.0 and 64.13.255.255. The smallest allowed value is /0, which targets the whole Internet. The largest value is /32, which targets just the named host or IP address because all address bits are fixed. address ranges CIDR notation is short but not always flexible enough. For example, you might want to send probes to 192.168.0.0/16 but skip any IPs ending with .0 or .255 because they may be used as subnet network and broadcast addresses. Ncrack supports this through octet range addressing. Rather than specify a normal IP address, you can specify a comma-separated list of numbers or ranges for each octet. For example, 192.168.0-255.1-254 will skip all addresses in the range that end in .0 or .255, and 192.168.3-5,7.1 will target the four addresses 192.168.3.1, 192.168.4.1, 192.168.5.1, and 192.168.7.1. Either side of a range may be omitted; the default values are 0 on the left and 255 on the right. Using - by itself is the same as 0-255, but remember to use 0- in the first octet so the target specification doesn't look like a command-line option. Ranges need not be limited to the final octets: the specifier will send probes to all IP addresses on the Internet ending in 13.37 This sort of broad sampling can be useful for Internet surveys and research. Ncrack accepts multiple host specifications on the command line, and they don't need to be the same type. The command ncrack scanme.nmap.org 192.168.0.0/8 10.0.0,1,3-7.- -p22 does what you would expect. While targets are usually specified on the command lines, the following options are also available to control target selection: -iX inputfilename (Input from Nmap's -oX XML output format) -iX target specification from Nmap XML Reads target/service specifications from an Nmap XML output file. The Nmap XML file is created by scanning any hosts and specifying the Nmap -oX option. Ncrack will automatically parse the IP addresses and the corresponding ports and services that are open and will use these targets for authentication auditing. This is a really useful option, since it lets you essentially combine these two tools -Nmap and Ncrack- for cracking only those services that are surely open. In addition, if version detection has been enabled in Nmap (-sV option), Ncrack will use those findings to recognize and crack those services that are supported but are listening on non-default ports. For example, if a host is having a server listening on port 41414 and Nmap has identified that it is a SSH service, Ncrack will use that information to crack it using the SSH module. Of course, Ncrack is going to ignore open ports/services that are not supported for authentication cracking by its modules. -iN inputfilename (Input from Nmap's -oN Normal output format) -iN target specification from Nmap Normal Reads target/service specifications from an Nmap Normal output file. The Nmap Normal file is created by scanning any hosts and specifying the Nmap -oN option. This works exactly like Ncrack's -iX option, the only difference being the format of the input file. -iL inputfilename (Input from list) -iL target specification from list Reads target specifications from inputfilename. Passing a huge list of hosts is often awkward on the command line, yet it is a common desire. For example, you might want to crack a list of very specific servers that have been specified for penetration testing. Simply generate the list of hosts to crack and pass that filename to Ncrack as an argument to the -iL option. Entries can be in any of the formats accepted by Ncrack on the command line (IP address, hostname, CIDR, octet ranges or Ncrack's special host-service syntax. Each entry must be separated by one or more spaces, tabs, or newlines. You can specify a hyphen (-) as the filename if you want Ncrack to read hosts from standard input rather than an actual file. Note, however, that if hosts are specified without any service, you will have to also provide services/ports for the targets using the -p option. --exclude host1, host2, ... (Exclude hosts/networks) --exclude excluding targets Specifies a comma-separated list of targets to be excluded from the scan even if they are part of the overall network range you specify. The list you pass in uses normal Ncrack syntax, so it can include hostnames, CIDR netblocks, octet ranges, etc. This can be useful when the network you wish to scan includes untouchable mission-critical servers, systems that are known to react adversely to heavy load, or subnets administered by other people. --excludefile exclude_file (Exclude list from file) --excludefile This offers the same functionality as the --exclude option, except that the excluded targets are provided in a newline, space, or tab delimited exclude_file rather than on the command line. service specification No cracking session can be carried out without targetting a certain service to attack. Service specification is one of the most flexible subsystems of Ncrack and collaborates with target-specification in a way that allows different option combinations to be applied. For Ncrack to start running, you will have to specify at least one target host and one associated service to attack. Ncrack provides ways to specify a service by its default port number, by its name (as extracted from the ncrack-services file) or both. Normally, you need to define both name and port number only in the special case where you know that a particular service is listening on a non-default port. Ncrack offers two distinct ways with which services will be applied to your targets: per-host service specification and global specification. Services specified in this mode are written next to the host and apply to it only. Keep in mind, however, that target-specification allows wildcards/netmasks, which essentially means that applying a per-host service specification format to that particular target will affect all of the expanded ones as a result. The general format is: service-name://target:port-number where target is a hostname or IP address in any of the formats described in the target-specification section, service-name is one of the common service names as defined in the ncrack-services file (e.g ssh, http) and port-number is what it obviously means. Ncrack can determine the default port numbers for each of the services it supports, as well as being able to deduce the service name when a default port number has been specified. Specifying both has meaning only when the user has a priori knowledge of a service listening on a non-default port number. This can easily be determined by using version detection like the one offered by Nmap's -sV option. $ ncrack scanme.nmap.org:22 ftp://10.0.0.10 ssh://192.168.1.*:5910 The above command will try to crack hosts: scanme.nmap.org on SSH service (default port 22), 10.0.0.10 on FTP service (default port 21) and 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.255 (all of this C subnet) on SSH service on non-default port 5910 which has been explicitly specified. In the last case, Ncrack wouldn't be able to determine that the subnet hosts are to be scanned against the SSH service on that particular port without the user explicitly asking for it, because there isn't any mapping of port-number 5910 to service SSH. Services specified in this mode are applied to all hosts that haven't been associated with the per-host service specification format. This is done using the -p option. While this facility may be similar to that of Nmap's, you should try not to confuse it, since the functionality is of a slightly different nature. Services can be specified using comma separated directives of the general format: -p service1:port-number1,service2:port-number2,... As usual, you need not specify both service name and port number since Ncrack knows the mappings of default-services to default-port numbers. Be careful though not to include any space between each service-name and/or port number, because Ncrack will think that the argument after the space is a host as per the rule "everything that isn't an option is a target specification". $ ncrack scanme.nmap.org 10.0.0.120-122 192.168.2.0/24 -p 22,ftp:3210,telnet The above command will try to crack all of the specified hosts scanme.nmap.org, 10.0.0.120, 10.0.0.121, 10.0.0.122 and the C class subnet of 192.168.2.0 against the following services: SSH service (mapped from default port 22), FTP service on non-default port 3210, and TELNET service on default port 23. Of course, Ncrack allows you to combine both modes of service specification if you deem that as necessary. Normally, you will only need to specify a couple of services but cracking a lot of hosts against many different services might be a longterm project for large networks that need to be consistently audited for weak passwords. If you are in doubt, about which hosts and services are going to be cracked with the current command, you can use the -sL option (see below for explanation). service options Apart from general service specification, Ncrack allows you to provide a multitude of options that apply to each or a subset of your targets. Options include timing and performance optimizations (which are thoroughly analyzed in a seperate section), SSL enabling/disabling and other module-specific parameters like the relative URL path for the HTTP module. Options can be defined in a variety of ways which include: per-host options, per-module options and global options. Since a combination of these options may be used, there is a strict hierarchy of precedence which will be discussed later. Options in this mode apply only to the host(s) they are referring to and are written next to it according to the following format: service-name://target:port-number,opt1=optval1,opt2=optval,... The format concerning the service specification which comes before the options, has been explained in the previous section. optN is referring to any of the option names that are available (a list will follow below), while optvalN determines the value of that option and depends on the nature of it. For example, most timing-related options expect to receive numbers as values, while the path option obviously needs a string argument. Options in this mode apply to all hosts that are associated with the particular service/module. This is accomplished using the -m which is defined with the format: -m service-name:opt1=optval1,opt2=optval2,... This option can be invoked multiple times, for as many different services as you might need to define service-wide applicable options. Each iteration of this option must refer to only one service. However, to avoid confusion, this option had better not be called more than one time for the same service, although this is allowed and the last iteration will take precedence over the previous ones for all redefined option values. Options in this mode apply to all hosts regardless of which service they are associated with. This is accomplished using the -g as follows: -g opt1=optval1,opt2=optval2,... This acts as a convenience option, where you can apply options to all services globally. Everything else regarding the available options and option values is the same as the previous modes. Below follows a list of all the currently available service options. You can apply them with any of the three modes described above. The last six of the options are timing related and will be analyzed in Section "Timing and Performance" of this manual. ssl: enable SSL over this service path: path-name used in modules like HTTP ('=' needs escaping if used) cl (min connection limit): minimum number of concurrent parallel connections CL (max connection limit): maximum number of concurrent parallel connections at (authentication tries): authentication attempts per connection cd (connection delay): delay time between each connection initiation cr (connection retries): caps number of service connection attempts to (time-out): maximum cracking time for service, regardless of success so far ssl (Enable/Disable SSL over service) By enabling SSL, Ncrack will try to open a TCP connection and then negotiate a SSL session with the target. Everything will then be transparently encrypted and decrypted. However, since Ncrack's job is to provide speed rather than strong crypto, the algorithms and ciphers for SSL are chosen on an efficiency basis. Possible values for this option are 'yes' but just specifying ssl would be enough. Thus, this is the only option that doesn't need to be written in the opt=optval format. By default, SSL is disabled for all services except those that are stricly dependent on it like HTTPS. path <name> (Path name for relative URLs) Some services like HTTP or SVN usually require a specific path in the URL. This option takes that pathname string as its value. The path is always relative to the hostname or IP address, so if you want to target something like http://foobar.com/login.php the path must take the value path=login.php . The initial '/' is added if you omit it. However, it is usually better if you explicitly specify it at the end of pathnames that are directories. For example, to crack the directory for http://foobar.com/protected-dir/ , it would be better if you wrote it as path=protected-dir/ . This is to avoid the (very) slight probability of a false positive, because there are cases where Web servers might reply with a "301 Moved Permanently" for a non-successful attempt. They normally send that reply, when a successful attempt is made for a requested password-protected path which has omitted the ending '/' but the requested source is actually a directory. Consequently, Ncrack regards that reply as having succeeded in the authentication attempt. Also be careful with the symbol '=', since it is used by Ncrack for argument parsing and you will have to espace it if it is included in the URL. By default, the path-name is initialized to '/', but will be ignored by services that do not require it. As already noted, Ncrack allows a combination of the three different modes of service option specification. In that case, there is a strict hierarchy that resolves the order in which conflicting values for these options take precedence over each other. The order is as follows, leftmost being the highest priority and rightmost the lowest one: Per-host options > Per-module options > Global options > Timing-Template (for timing options only) The concept of the "Timing-Template" will be explained in the Section "Timing and Performance", but for now, just have in mind that its values have the least prevalence over everything else and essentially act as defaults for everything timing-related. Global options specified with -g have the directly higher precedence, while -m per-module options are immediately higher. In the top of the hierarcy reside the per-host options which are essentially the most specific ones. Consequently, you can see that the pattern is: the more specific the higher the precedence. $ ncrack scanme.nmap.org:22,cl=10,at=1 10.0.0.120 10.0.0.20 -p 21 -m ftp:CL=1 -g CL=3 The example demonstrates the hierarchy precedence. The services that are going to be cracked are SSH for scanme.nmap.org and FTP for hosts 10.0.0.120, 10.0.0.20. No particular timing-template has been specified and thus the default will be used (Normal - 3). The per-host options for scanme.nmap.org define that the minimum connection limit (cl) is 10 and that Ncrack should attempt only 1 authentication try (at) per connection. These values would override any other for service SSH of host scanme.nmap.org if there were conflicts with other modes. Since a global option of -g CL=3 was defined and there is no other higher-precedence for service SSH and scanme.nmap.org in particular, this value will also be applied. As for the FTP targets, the per-module -m ftp:CL=1 defined for all FTP services will override the equivalent global one. All these can get quite complex if overused, but they are not expected to be leveraged by the average Ncrack user anyway. Complicated network scanning scenarios might require them, though. To make certain the results are the ones you expect them to be, don't forget to use the -sL option that prints out details about what Ncrack would crack if invoked normally. You can add the debugging -d option if you want even more verbose output. For the above example, Ncrack would print the following: $ ncrack scanme.nmap.org:22,cl=10,at=1 10.0.0.120 10.0.0.20 -p 21 -m ftp:CL=1 -g CL=3 -sL -d Starting Ncrack 0.01ALPHA ( http://ncrack.org ) at 2009-08-05 18:32 EEST ----- [ Timing Template ] ----- cl=7, CL=80, at=0, cd=0, cr=10, to=0 ----- [ ServicesTable ] ----- SERVICE cl CL at cd cr to ssl path ftp:21 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A no null ssh:22 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A no null telnet:23 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A no null smtp:25 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A no null http:80 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A no null https:443 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A yes null ----- [ Targets ] ----- Host: 64.13.134.52 ( scanme.nmap.org ) ssh:22 cl=10, CL=10, at=1, cd=0, cr=10, to=0, ssl=no, path=/ Host: 10.0.0.120 ftp:21 cl=3, CL=1, at=0, cd=0, cr=10, to=0, ssl=no, path=/ Host: 10.0.0.20 ftp:21 cl=3, CL=1, at=0, cd=0, cr=10, to=0, ssl=no, path=/ Ncrack done: 3 services would be scanned. Probes sent: 0 | timed-out: 0 | prematurely-closed: 0 Ncrack finished. The ServicesTable just lists the per-module options for all available services. As you can see, the only defined option is in the FTP service for the CL . The Targets table is the most important part of this output and lists all targets and associated options according to the command-line invocation. No network operation takes place in this mode, apart from forward DNS resolution for hostnames (like scanme.nmap.org in this example). timing performance The timing engine is perhaps the most important part of any serious network authentication cracking tool. Ncrack's timing engine offers a great many options for optimization and can be bended to serve virtually any user need. As Ncrack is progressing, this subsystem is going to evolve into a dynamic autonomous engine that will be able to automatically adjust its behaviour according to the network feedback it gets, in order to achieve maximum performance and precision without any user intervention. Some options accept a time parameter. This is specified in seconds by default, though you can append ‘ms’, ‘m’, or ‘h’ to the value to specify milliseconds, minutes, or hours (‘s’ for seconds is redundant). So the cd (connection delay) arguments 900000ms, 900s, and 15m all do the same thing. cl num-minconnections; CL num-maxconnections (Adjust number of concurrent parallel connections) Connection Limit These options control the total number of connections that may be outstanding for any service at the same time. Normally, Ncrack tries to dynamically adjust the number of connections for each individual target by counting how many drops or connection failures happen. If a strange network condition occurs, that signifies that something may be going wrong, like the host dropping any new connection attempts, then Ncrack will immediately lower the total number of connections hitting the service. However, the caps number of the minimum or maximum connections that will take place can be overriden using these two options. By properly adjusting them, you can essentially optimize performance, if you can handle the tricky part of knowing or discovering your target's own limits. The convention here is that cl with lowercase letters is referring to the minimum connection limit, while CL with uppercase letters is referring to the maximum number of connections. The most common usage is to set cl (minimum connection limit) for targets that you are almost certain are going to withstand these many connections at any given time. This is a risky option to play with, as setting it too high might actually do more harm than good by effectively DoS-attacking the target and triggering firewall rules that will ban your IP address. On the other hand, for more stealthy missions, setting the CL (maximum connection limit) to a low value might be what you want. However, setting it too low will surely have a great impact in overall cracking speed. For maximum stealth, this can be combined with the cd (connection delay) described below. at num-attempts (Adjust authentication attempts per connection) Authentication Tries Using this option, you can order Ncrack to limit the authentication attempts it carries out per connection. Ncrack initially sends a reconnaisance probe that lets it calculate the maximum number of such authentication tries and from thereon it always tries to use that number. Most servicse pose an upper limit on the number of authentication per connection and in most cases finding that maximum leads to better performance. Setting this option to lower values can give you some stealth bonus, since services such as SSH tend to log failed attempts after more than a certain number of authentication tries per connection. They use that as a metric rather than counting the total number of authentication attempts or connections per IP address (which is usually done by a firewall). Consequently, a number of 1 or 2 authentication tries might circumvent logging in some cases. Note that setting that option to a high value will not have any effect if Ncrack realizes that the server doesn't allow that many attempts per connection. In this case, it will just use that maximum number and ignore your setting. cd time (Adjust delay time between each new connection) Connection Delay This option essentially defines the imposed time delay between each new connection. Ncrack will wait the amount of time you specify in this option value, before starting a new connection against the given service. The higher you set it, the slower Ncrack will perform, but the stealthier your attack will become. Ncrack by default tries to initiate new connections as fast as possible given that new probes are actually allowed to be sent and are not restricted by parameters such as Connection Limit which can dynamically increase or decrease. Although this approach achieves blazing speed as long as the host remains responsive, it can lead to a number of disasters such as a firewall being triggered, the targets' or your bandwidth to be diminished and even the tested service to suffer a Denial of Service attack. By carefully adjusting this option, you can potentially avoid these annoying situations. cr max-conattempts (Adjust the max number of connection attempts) Connection Retries NOT IMPLEMENTED YET. to time (Adjust the maximum overall cracking time) Timeout Define how much time Ncrack is going to spend cracking the service, before giving up regardless of whether it has found any credentials so far. However, any authentication token discovered until that time, will be stored and printed normally. Ncrack marks a service as finished when the username/password lists iteration ends or when it can no longer crack it for some serious reason. If Ncrack finishes cracking a service before the time specified in this option, then it will not be taken into account at all. Sometimes, you have a limited time window to scan/crack your hosts. This might occur for various reasons. A common one would be that normal user activity mustn't be interrupted and since Ncrack can become very aggressive, it might be allowed to scan the hosts only at during certain time period like the night hours. Scanning during certain such hours is also likely to make an attack less detectable. Don't forget that Ncrack allows you to specify the time unit of measure by appending ‘ms’, ‘m’, or ‘h’ for milliseconds, minutes or hours (seconds is the default time unit). Using them in this particular option, is really convenient as you can specify something like to=8h to give Ncrack a total of 8 hours to crack that service. Setting up cronjobs for scheduled scans in combination with this option, might also be a good idea. -T paranoid|sneaky|polite|normal|aggressive|insane (Set a timing template) -T timing templates paranoid, sneaky, polite, normal, aggressive, and insane -T0 paranoid timing template -T1 sneaky timing template -T2 polite timing template -T3 normal timing template -T4 aggressive timing template -T5 insane timing template While the fine-grained timing controls discussed in the previous section are powerful and effective, some people find them confusing. Moreover, choosing the appropriate values can sometimes take more time than the scan you are trying to optimize. So Ncrack offers a simpler approach, with six timing templates. You can specify them with the -T option and their number (0–5) or their name. The template names are paranoid (0), sneaky (1), polite (2), normal (3), aggressive (4), and insane (5). The first two are for IDS evasion. Polite mode slows down the scan to use less bandwidth and target machine resources. Normal mode is the default and so -T3 does nothing. Aggressive mode speeds scans up by making the assumption that you are on a reasonably fast and reliable network. Finally insane mode assumes that you are on an extraordinarily fast network or are willing to sacrifice some accuracy for speed. These templates allow the user to specify how aggressive they wish to be, while leaving Ncrack to pick the exact timing values. If you know that the network service is going to withstand a huge number of connections you might try using the aggressive template of -T4 . Even then, this is mostly advised for services residing in the local network. Going over to insane mode -T5 is not recommended, unless you absolutely know what you are doing. While -T0paranoid (-T0) timing template and -T1sneaky (-T1) timing template may be useful for avoiding IDS alerts, they will take an extraordinarily long time to crack even a few services. For such a long scan, you may prefer to set the exact timing values you need rather than rely on the canned -T0 and -T1 values. --connection-limit numprobes (Adjust the threshold of total concurrent connections) NOT IMPLEMENTED YET. authentication This section describes ways of specifying your own username and password lists as well as the available modes of iterating over them. Ncrack ships in with a variety of username and password lists which reside under the directory 'lists' of the source tarball and later installed under Ncrack's data directory which usually is /usr/local/share/ncrack or /usr/share/ncrack . You can omit specifying any lists and Ncrack is going to use the default ones which contain some of the most common usernames and passwords. The password list is frequency-sorted with the top most common passwords at the beginning of the list so they will be tried out first. The lists have been derived from a combination of sorting publicly leaked password files and other techniques. -U filename (Specify username list) Specify your own username list by giving the path to the filename as argument to this option. Usernames for specific environments can be gathered in numerous ways including harvesting for email-addresses in the company's website, looking up information in whois databases, using the SMTP VRFY technique at vulnerable mail servers or through social engineering. -P filename (Specify password list) Specify your own password list by giving the path to the filename as argument to this option. Common passwords are usually derived from leaked lists as a result of successful intrusions in public sites such as forums or other social networking places. A great deal of them have already been publicly disclosed and some of these have been used to assemble Ncrack's own lists. --user username_list (Specify command-line comma-separated username list) Specify your own usernames directly in the command-line as a comma-separated list. --pass password_list (Specify command-line comma-separated password list) Specify your own passwords directly in the command-line as a comma-separated list. --passwords-first (Reverse the way passwords are iterated) Ncrack by default iterates the username list for each password. With this option, you can reverse that. For example, given the username list of -> "root, guest, admin" and the password list of "test, 12345, q1w2e3r4" Ncrack will normally go over them like this -> root:test, guest:test, admin:test, root:12345 etc. By enabling this option it will over them like this -> root:test, root:12345, root:q1w2e3r4, guest:test etc. Most network authentication cracking tools prefer by default to iterate the password list for each username. This is, however, ineffective compared to the opposite iteration in most cases. This holds true for the simple reason that password lists are usually sorted on a frequency basis, meaning that the more common a password is, the closer to the beginning of the password list it is. Thus, iterating over all usernames for the most common passwords first has usually more chances to get a positive result. With the --passwords-first iteration, very common passwords might not even be tried out for certain usernames if the user chooses to abort the session early. However, this option might prove valuable for cases where the attacker knows and has already verified that the username list contains real usernames, instead of blindly bruteforcing through them. output formats Any security tool is only as useful as the output it generates. Complex tests and algorithms are of little value if they aren't presented in an organized and comprehensible fashion. Of course, no single format can please everyone. So Ncrack offers several formats, including the interactive mode for humans to read directly and XML for easy parsing by software. In addition to offering different output formats, Ncrack provides options for controlling the verbosity of output as well as debugging messages. Output types may be sent to standard output or to named files, which Ncrack can append to or clobber. Ncrack makes output available in three different formats. The default is called interactive output, and it is sent to standard output (stdout). There is also normal output, which is similar to interactive except that it displays less runtime information and warnings since it is expected to be analyzed after the scan completes rather than interactively. XML output is one of the most important output types, as it can be converted to HTML, easily parsed by programs such as Ncrack graphical user interfaces, or imported into databases. Currently, XML output hasn't been implemented. While interactive output is the default and has no associated command-line options, the other two format options use the same syntax. They take one argument, which is the filename that results should be stored in. Multiple formats may be specified, but each format may only be specified once. For example, you may wish to save normal output for your own review while saving XML of the same scan for programmatic analysis. You might do this with the options -oX myscan.xml -oN myscan.ncrack. While this chapter uses the simple names like myscan.xml for brevity, more descriptive names are generally recommended. The names chosen are a matter of personal preference. A scheme could be using long filenames that incorporate the scan date and a word or two describing the scan, placed in a directory named after the company that is being scanned. While these options save results to files, Ncrack still prints interactive output to stdout as usual. For example, the command nmap -oX myscan.xml [target] prints XML to myscan.xml and fills standard output with the same interactive results it would have printed if -oX wasn't specified at all. You can change this by passing a hyphen character as the argument to one of the format types. This causes Ncrack to deactivate interactive output, and instead print results in the format you specified to the standard output stream. So the command nmap -oX - target will send only XML output to stdout. Serious errors may still be printed to the normal error stream, stderr. Unlike some Ncrack arguments, the space between the logfile option flag (such as -oX) and the filename or hyphen is mandatory. All of these arguments support strftime-like conversions in the filename. %H, %M, %S, %m, %d, %y, and %Y are all exactly the same as in strftime. %T is the same as %H%M%S, %R is the same as %H%M, and %D is the same as %m%d%y. A % followed by any other character just yields that character (%% gives you a percent symbol). So -oX 'scan-%T-%D.xml' will use an XML file in the form of scan-144840-121307.xml. Ncrack also offers options to control scan verbosity and to append to output files rather than clobbering them. All of these options are described below. -oN filespec (normal output) -oN normal output Requests that normal output be directed to the given filename. As discussed above, this differs slightly from interactive output. -oX filespec (XML output) -oX XML output Requests that XML output be directed to the given filename. Currently this is not implemented. -oA basename (Output to all formats) -oA As a convenience, you may specify -oA basename to store scan results in normal and XML formats at once. They are stored in basename.ncrack, and basename.xml respectively. As with most programs, you can prefix the filenames with a directory path, such as ~/ncracklogs/foocorp/ on Unix or c:\hacking\sco on Windows. -v (Increase verbosity level) -v verbosity Increases the verbosity level, causing Ncrack to print more information about the scan in progress. Credentials are shown as they are found and more statistical information is printed in the end. Use it twice or more for even greater verbosity. -v giving more than once -d [level] (Increase or set debugging level) -d debugging When even verbose mode doesn't provide sufficient data for you, debugging is available to flood you with much more! As with the verbosity option (-v), debugging is enabled with a command-line flag (-d) and the debug level can be increased by specifying it multiple times. Alternatively, you can set a debug level by giving an argument to -d. For example, -d10 sets level ten. That is the highest effective level and will produce thousands of lines, unless your cracking session is going really slow. Debugging output is useful when a bug is suspected in Ncrack, or if you are simply confused as to what Ncrack is doing and why. As this feature is mostly intended for developers, debug lines aren't always self-explanatory. If you don't understand a line, your only recourses are to ignore it, look it up in the source code, or request help from the development list (nmap-dev). Some lines are self explanatory, but the messages become more obscure as the debug level is increased. --nsock-trace level (Set nsock trace level) --nsock-trace nsock-trace This option is meant mostly for developers as enabling it will activate the Nsock's library debugging output. Nsock is the underlying library for parallel socket handling. You will have to specify a certain level for this option. Valid range is 0 up to 10. Usually, a level of 1 or 2 is enough to get a good overview of network operations happening behind the scenes. Nsock prints that information to stdout by default. --log-errors (Log errors/warnings to normal mode output file) --log-errors Warnings and errors printed by Ncrack usually go only to the screen (interactive output), leaving any normal-format output files (usually specified with -oN) uncluttered. When you do want to see those messages in the normal output file you specified, add this option. It is useful when you aren't watching the interactive output or when you want to record errors while debugging a problem. The error and warning messages will still appear in interactive mode too. This won't work for most errors related to bad command-line arguments because Ncrack may not have initialized its output files yet. An alternative to --log-errors is redirecting interactive output (including the standard error stream) to a file. Most Unix shells make this approach easy, though it can be difficult on Windows. --append-output (Append to rather than clobber output files) --append-output When you specify a filename to an output format flag such as -oX or -oN, that file is overwritten by default. If you prefer to keep the existing content of the file and append the new results, specify the --append-output option. All output filenames specified in that Ncrack execution will then be appended to rather than clobbered. This doesn't work well for XML (-oX) scan data as the resultant file generally won't parse properly until you fix it up by hand. This section describes some important (and not-so-important) options that don't really fit anywhere else. --resume file (Continue previously saved session) --resume Whenever the user cancels a running session (usually by pressing Ctrl+C), Ncrack saves the current state into a file which it can later use to continue from where it had stopped. This file is saved in subdirectory .ncrack/ of the user's home path with a filename format of "restore.YY-MM-DD_hh-mm". An example would be: "/home/ithilgore/.ncrack/restore.2010-05-18_04-42 ". You can then continue your session, by specifying this file as argument to the --resume option. -f (Quit cracking service after one found credential) -f This option will force Ncrack to quit cracking a service as soon as it finds a valid username/password combination for it. Assuming many parallel services are being cracked at the same time, this option is applied on each of them separately. This means that Ncrack will stop cracking each individual service after finding a pair of credentials for it, but will not quit entirely. Supplying the option two times, like -f -f will, however, make Ncrack exit immediately as soon as it finds a valid credential for any service. Frequently, attackers will try cracking several services in parallel to maximize the chances of finding a pair of valid credentials. Given that a network is no stronger than its weakest link, this option and especially the -f -f counterpart will often be used to lessen chances of detection and prevent network resources from being wasted aimlessly. -6 (Enable IPv6 scanning) -6 IPv6 Warning: This option was just added and it is currently experimental, so please notify us for any problems and bugs related to it. The command syntax is the same as usual except that you also add the -6 option. Of course, you must use IPv6 syntax if you specify an address rather than a hostname. An address might look like 3ffe:7501:4819:2000:210:f3ff:fe03:14d0, so hostnames are recommended. The output looks the same as usual, with the IPv6 address on the Discovered credentials line being the only IPv6 give away. While IPv6 hasn't exactly taken the world by storm, it gets significant use in some (usually Asian) countries and most modern operating systems support it. To use Ncrack with IPv6, both the source and target of your scan must be configured for IPv6. If your ISP (like most of them) does not allocate IPv6 addresses to you, free tunnel brokers are widely available and will probably work fine with Ncrack. A popular IPv6 tunnel broker IPv6 tunnel broker service is at . 6to4 tunnels are another popular, free approach. -sL (List Scan) -sL list scan The list scan simply lists each host and service that would be cracked if this option wasn't specified. No packets are sent to the target hosts and the only network operation that might happen is DNS-resolution of any hostnames of targets. This option is really helpful in making sure that you have specified everything as you wanted. Service-specific options will also be printed so this acts as a good sanity check of potentially complex command-line arguments such as the advanced modes of Service Option Specification and the equivalent Hierarchy for sessions that require delicate timing handling. If list scan is called along with the -d debug option, then additional output, like the ServicesTable and the current Timing-Template's parameters, is also going to be printed. --datadir directoryname (Specify custom Ncrack data file location) --datadir Ncrack needs a file called ncrack-services to load a lookup-table of supported services/ports. This file shouldn't be changed, unless you know what you are doing (e.g extending Ncrack for additional modules). In addition, Ncrack is shipped with various username and password lists, some of which are used by default in case the user doesn't specify ones of his own. All these files are normally copied during the installation procedure to a directory such as /usr/share/ncrack or /usr/local/share/ncrack . Using the --datadir option, will force Ncrack to start searching for these files in specified directory. If the files aren't found, then it will continue searching in the directory specified by the NCRACKDIR environmental variable NCRACKDIR (if it is defined). Next comes ~/.ncrack directory for real and effective UIDs (POSIX systems only) or location of the Ncrack executable (Win32 only), and then a compiled-in location such as /usr/local/share/ncrack or /usr/share/ncrack. As a last resort, Ncrack will look in the current directory. -V; --version (Print version number) -V --version Prints the Ncrack version number and exits. -h; --help (Print help summary page) -h --help Prints a short help screen with the most common command flags. Running Ncrack without any arguments does the same thing. During the execution of Ncrack, all key presses are captured. This allows you to interact with the program without aborting and restarting it. Certain special keys will change options, while any other keys will print out a status message telling you about the scan. The convention is that lowercase letters increase the amount of printing, and uppercase letters decrease the printing. You may also press ‘?’ for help. v / V Increase / decrease the verbosity level d / D Increase / decrease the debugging Level ? Print a runtime interaction help screen Anything else Print out a status message like this: Stats: 0:00:20 elapsed; 0 services completed (1 total) Rate: 6.26; Found: 1; About 13.27% done; ETC: 21:06 (0:02:17 remaining) Ncrack's architecture is modular with each module corresponding to one particular service or protocol. Currently, Ncrack supports the protocols FTP, TELNET, SSH, RDP, VNC and HTTP(S) (basic authentication). If you want to write and contribute your own Ncrack modules, be sure to read the Ncrack Developer's Guide at Below we describe some key points for each of them. FTP authentication is quite fast, since there is very little protocol negotiation overhead. Most FTP daemons allow 3 to 6 authentication attempts but usually impose a certain delay before replying with the results of a failed attempt. Filezilla is one of the most characteristic examples of this case, where the time delay is so great, that it is usually faster to open more connections against it, with each of them doing only 1 authentication per connection. Telnet daemons have been largely substituded by their safer 'counterpart' of SSH. However, there are many boxes, mainly routers or printers, that still rely on Telnet for remote access. Usually these are also easier to crack, since default passwords for them are publicly known. The drawback is that telnet is a rather slow protocol, so you shouldn't be expecting really high rates against it. SSH is one of the most prevalent protocols in today's networks. For this reason, a special library, named opensshlib and based on code from OpenSSH, was specifically build and tailored for Ncrack's needs. Opensshlib ships in with Ncrack, so SSH support comes out of the box. OpenSSL will have to be installed in Unix systems though. Windows OpenSSL dlls are included in Ncrack, so Windows users shouldn't be worrying about it at all. SSH bruteforcing holds many pitfalls and challenges, and you are well advised to read a paper that was written to explain them. The latest version of the "Hacking the OpenSSH library for Ncrack" document can be found under docs/openssh_library.txt or at The HTTP Module currently supports basic authentication only, however additional methods will be added soon. Ncrack tries to use the "Keepalive" HTTP option, whenever possible, which leads to really high speeds, since that allows dozens of attempts to be carried out per connection. The HTTP module can also be called over SSL. The SMB module currently works over raw TCP. NetBIOS isn't supported yet. This protocol allows for high parallelization, so users could potentially increase the number of concurrent probes against it. SMB is frequently used for file-sharing among other things and is one of the most ubiquitous protocols, being present in both Unix and Windows environments. RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft for the purpose of providing remote terminal services by transfering graphics display information from the remote computer to the user and transporting input commands from the user to the remote computer. Fortunately, Microsoft recently decided to open the protocol's internal workings to the public and has provided official documentation, which can be found at RDP is one of the most complex protocols, requiring the exchange of many packets, even for just the authentication phase. For this reason, cracking it takes a lot of time and this is probably the slowest module. The connection phase is briefly described at where you can also see a diagram of the various packets involved. Care must be taken against RDP servers in Windows XP versions, since they can't handle multiple connections at the same time. It is advised to use a very slow timing template or even better limit the maximum parallel connections using timing options such as CL (Connection Limit) or cd (connection delay) against Windows XP (and relevant) RDP servers. Windows Vista and above don't suffer from the same limitation. The VNC protocol has known widespread usage among Unix administrators and users for remote graphical access. VNC is perhaps one of the most vulnerable protocols in terms of brute-forcing, since it often requires a password without a corresponding username for authentication. In addition, some versions of VNC impose an 8-character limit in password length. You should consider adding the --passwords-first option when cracking VNC systems to exploit the fact that the username often has no actual importance in authentication. POP3 support is still experimental and hasn't been thoroughly tested. You can expect it to work against common mail servers, nevertheless. bugs, reporting Like its authors, Ncrack isn't perfect. But you can help make it better by sending bug reports or even writing patches. If Ncrack doesn't behave the way you expect, first upgrade to the latest version available from . If the problem persists, do some research to determine whether it has already been discovered and addressed. Try searching for the error message on our search page at or at Google. Also try browsing the nmap-dev archives at . nmap-dev mailing list Read this full manual page as well. If you are developing your own Ncrack module, make sure you have first read the Ncrack Developer's Guide at . If nothing comes of this, mail a bug report to nmap-dev@insecure.org . Please include everything you have learned about the problem, as well as what version of Ncrack you are running and what operating system version it is running on. Problem reports and Ncrack usage questions sent to nmap-dev@insecure.org are far more likely to be answered than those sent to Fyodor directly. If you subscribe to the nmap-dev list before posting, your message will bypass moderation and get through more quickly. Subscribe at . Code patches to fix bugs are even better than bug reports. Basic instructions for creating patch files with your changes are available at . Patches may be sent to nmap-dev (recommended) or to Fyodor directly. ithilgore (Fotis Hantzis) ithilgore.ryu.l@gmail.com () Fyodor fyodor@insecure.org () copyright GNU General Public License While it isn't distributed with Nmap, Ncrack is part of the Nmap project and falls under the same license and (non) warranty provisions, as described at .